Validez y dimensionalidad de la escala de autoestima de Rosenberg en estudiantes universitarios / Validity and Dimensionality of the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale Among College Students / Validez e dimensionalidade da escada de autoestima de Rosenberg em estudantes universitários

Objetivo. Conocer la consistencia interna y la dimensionalidad de la escala de Rosenberg para evaluar la autoestima (ERA) en universitarios de Santa Marta, Colombia. Método. Se seleccionó una muestra de 1341 estudiantes, entre 18 y 30 años, de varios programas académicos, que diligenciaron la ERA. Los coeficientes alfa de Cronbach y omega de McDonald se calcularon para la confiabilidad, el coeficiente de Mosier, para medir unidimensionalidad, y los análisis factoriales exploratorios, para medir la dimensionalidad de la ERA. Resultados. En la escala se observó un alfa de Cronbach de 0.72, un omega de McDonald de 0.65 y un coeficiente de Mosier de 0.75. La ERA mostró dos dimensiones: (a) autoestima positiva, que explicó el 32.3% de la varianza, y (b) autoestima negativa, responsable del 13.8% de la varianza. Estas dimensiones presentaron baja correlación entre ellas. Conclusión. La ERA cuenta con dos dimensiones, autoestima positiva y autoestima negativa, que se comportan como escalas distintas.

Objective. The objective of the research was to determine the internal consistency and dimensionality of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES) in college students from Santa Marta, Colombia. Method. A sample of 1.341 students was used in the application of the RSES. Students were aged between 18 and 30 years, mean = 20.6 years (SD = 3.4); 50.7% were males. Cronbach alpha and McDonald omega were computed to estimate reliability. Mosier's coefficient was calculated to measure the dimensionality. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted to observe the dimensionality of the RSES. Results. Cronbach alpha for RSES was 0.72; McDonald omega, 0.65; and Mosier coefficient, 0.75. The RSES showed two dimensions, 'positive self-esteem' that explained 32.3% of the variance; and 'negative self-esteem' which accounted for 13.8% of the variance. These dimensions showed a low correlation each other. Conclusion. The RSES is a scale with two dimensions, 'positive self-esteem' and 'negative self-esteem' which should be considered as separate scales.

Escopo. Conhecer a consistência interna e dimensionalidade da escada de Rosenberg para avaliar a autoestima (ERA) em universitários de Santa Marta, Colômbia. Metodologia. Foi selecionada uma amostra de 1341 estudantes, entre 18 e 30 anos, de diferentes programas académicos, que diligenciaram a ERA. O alfa de Cronbach e ômega de McDonald foram calculados para a confiabilidade, coeficiente de Mosier, para medir unidimensionalidade e análise fatoriais exploratórios para a dimensionalidade da ERA. Resultados. A escada mostrou um alfa de Cronbach de 0.72, ômega de Mc Donald de 0.65 e coeficiente de Mosier de 0.75. A ERA mostrou duas dimensiones: (a) autoestima positiva, que explicou um 32.3% da variação e (b) autoestima negativa, responsável de 13.8% da variação. Estas dimensiones mostraram baixa correlação entre elas. Conclusão. A conclusão é que ERA conta com duas dimensões, autoestima positiva e autoestima negativa, que comportam-se como escadas diferentes.

Estructura interna y confiabilidad de la escala breve de Francis en estudiantes de Medicina / Internal Structure and Reliability of a Five-Item Form of the Francis Scale in Medical Students / Estrutura interna e confiabilidade da escada breve de Francis em estudantes de medicina

Objetivo. Conocer la estructura interna y la contabilidad de la escala breve de Francis para religiosidad (Francis-5) en estudiantes de Medicina de una universidad de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Método. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio en el que participaron 365 estudiantes, entre los 18 y los 30 años de edad (M = 20.12; DE = 1.93). La validez nomológica se probó al comparar las puntuaciones según sexo y filiación religiosa de los participantes. La consistencia interna se evaluó con alfa de Cronbach. Resultados. Se observó una dimensión responsable del 88.4% de la varianza, con puntuaciones mayores en mujeres que en hombres (M = 16.70, DE = 5.03 frente a M = 15.35, DE = 5.51; t = 2.41, p = 0.016); en cristianos no católicos (M = 18.26, DE = 4.26) que en otras filiaciones (M = 16.68, DE = 4.28); y en católicos en relación con (M = 12.86, DE = 7.53) otras filiaciones (M = 8.00, DE = 7.38) y sin filiación religiosa (F = 32.84, p < 0.001), con un a = 0.97. Conclusión. Francis-5 es un instrumento válido y confiable para cuantificar religiosidad en estudiantes de Medicina. Futuras investigaciones deben determinar otras medidas de validez y confiabilidad.

Objective. To understand the internal consistency reliability of a five-item form of the Francis scale toward Christianity (Francis-5) in medical students from a university in Bucaramanga, Colombia. Method. A validation study was conducted in which 365 students participated, aged between 18 and 30 years-old (M = 20.12, SD = 1.93). An exploratory factor analysis was performed for construct validity. Nomological validity was tested by comparing scores by gender and religious affiliation. Internal consistency was assessed with Cronbach alpha. Results. One dimension accounted for 88.4% of the total variance; higher scores were observed in women than in men (M = 16.70, SD = 5.03 vs. M = 15.35, SD = 5.51, t = 2.41; p = 0.016), and in non-Catholic Christian affiliations (M = 18.26; SD = 4.26) than other (M = 16.68, SD = 4.28 among Catholics versus M = 12.86; SD = 7.53 among other filiations and M = 8.00, SD = 7.38 among none filiation, F = 32.849, p<0.001), and alpha was 0.97. Conclusion. Francis-5 is a reliable instrument for measuring religiosity in medical students from a university in Bucaramanga, Colombia. Further research should determine other measures of validity and reliability for the scale.

Escopo. Conhecer a estrutura interna e confiabilidade da escada breve de Francis para a religiosidade (Francis-5) em estudantes de medicina de uma universidade de Bucaramanga, Colômbia. Metodologia. Foi feita uma análise fatorial exploratória na que participaram 365 estudantes, entre os 18 e 30 anos de idade (M = 20.12 anos; DE = 1.93). A validez nomológica foi provada ao comparar as pontuações segundo o sexo e a filiação religiosa dos participantes. A consistência interna foi avaliada com alfa de Cronbach. Resultados. Foi observada uma dimensão responsável do 88.4% de variação, com pontuação maiores em mulheres do que em homens (M = 16.70, DE = 5.03 frente a M = 15.35, DE = 5.51, t = 2.41, p = 0.016) e em cristãos não católicos (M = 18.26, DE = 4.26) que em outras filiações (M = 16.68, DE = 4.28), em católicos em relação com (M = 12.86, DE = 7.53) outras filiações e(M = 8.00, DE = 7.38) sem filiação religiosa (F = 32.84, p < 0.001); com um alpha de 0.97. Conclusão. Francis-5 é um instrumento válido e confiável para quantificar religiosidade em estudantes de medicina. Futuras pesquisas devem determinar outras medidas de validez e confiabilidade.

Correlación entre actitud hacia homosexualidad femenina y masculina en estudiantes de Medicina / Correlation between the attitude toward female and male homosexuality in medical students

Resumen Este artículo es resultado de una investigación cuyo objetivo fue explorar la correlación cuantita tiva entre homofobia y lesbofobia en estudiantes de Medicina de una universidad de Bogotá, Co lombia. El estudio transversal se llevó a cabo con estudiantes de Medicina mayores de 18 años. La homofobia y la lesbofobia se midieron con la Escala para Actitud hacia Gais y Lesbianas (ATGL). La ATGL se compone de dos escalas de diez ítems: Escala para Actitud hacia Hombres Gais (ATG) y la Escala para Actitud hacia Mujeres Lesbianas (ATL). La correlación entre puntuaciones para homofobia y lesbofobia se calculó con coeficiente de Pearson (r). Se planteó la hipótesis de que homofobia y lesbofobia eran diferentes construcciones si la correlación entre las escalas era inferior a 0,60. Un total de 359 estudiantes de Medicina participaron en la investigación, la media para la edad fue de 20,2 años (DE=1,9), y el 59,1 % eran mujeres. Las puntuaciones en la ATG (alfa de Cronbach de 0,85) se observaron entre 10 y 50, con una media de 27,9 (DE=8,1) y en la ATL (alfa de Cronbach de 0,73) entre 10 y 45, con media de 24,8 (DE=6,8). La correlación entre homofobia (ATG) y lesbofobia (ATL) fue r=0,64 (p<0,001). Se concluye que la ATG y ATL muestran correlación altamente significativa, lo que sugiere que homofobia y lesbofobia no son constructos completamente diferentes y podrían incluirse en el concepto general de prejuicio sexual. Otras investigaciones deben corroborar el presente hallazgo.

Abstract The article is a result of a research whose objective was to explore the quantitative correlation between homophobia and lesbophobia among medical students from a university in Bogota, Co lombia. A cross-sectional study was conducted with medical students over 18 years. Homophobia and lesbophobia were measured with the scale Attitude toward Gays and Lesbians (ATGL). The ATGL has of two ten-item scales: Attitude toward Gay Men Scale (ATG) and Attitude toward Lesbian Women Scale (ATL). Correlation between both scales was computed with the Pearson coefficient (r). It was hypothesized that homophobia and lesbophobia were different constructs if the correlation between scales was lower than 0.60. A total of 359 medical students participated in the research. The age average was 20.2 years old (SD=1.9); and 59.1 % were females. The ATG (Cronbach's alpha of 0.85) scores were between 10 and 50, with an average of 27.9 (SD=8.1) and for ATL (Cronbach's alpha of 0.73) between 10 and 45, with an average of 24.8 (SD=6.8). The correlation between homophobia (ATG) and lesbophobia (ATL) was of r=0.64 (p<0.001). It was that concluded that the ATG and ATL show a significantly high correlation; it suggests that homophobia and lesbophobia are not different constructs and both terms could be included in the general concept of sexual prejudice. Other researches must corroborate the present finding.

A brief homophobia scale in medical students from two universities: Results of a refinement process / Escala breve para homofobia en estudiantes de Medicina de dos universidades colombianas: resultados de un proceso de refinamiento

ABSTRACT Background: The process of evaluating measurement scales is an ongoing procedure that requires revisions and adaptations according to the characteristics of the participants. The Homophobia Scale of seven items (EHF-7) has showed acceptable performance in medical students attending to two universities in Colombia. However, performance of some items was poor and could be removed, with an improvement in the psychometric findings of items retained. Objective: To review the psychometric functioning and refine the content of EHF-7 among medical students from two Colombian universities. Methods: A group of 667 students from the first to tenth semester participated in the research. Theirs ages were between 18 and 34 (mean, 20.9 ±2.7) years-old, and 60.6% were females. Cronbach alpha (α) and omega of McDonald (Ω) were calculated as indicators of reliability and to refine the scale, an exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed. Results: EHF-7 showed α = .793 and Ω = .796 and a main factor that explained 45.2% of the total variance. EFA and CFA suggested the suppression of three items. The four-item version (EHF-4) reached an α = .770 and Ω = .775, with a single factor that accounted for 59.7% of the total variance. CFA showed better indexes (x2 = 3.622; df = 1; p = 0.057; Root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) = .063, 90% CI, .000-.130; Comparative Fit Indices (CFI) = .998; Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) = .991). Conclusions: EHF-4 shows high internal consistency and a single dimension that explains more than 50% of the total variance. Further studies are needed to confirm these observa tions, that can be taken as preliminary.

RESUMEN Introducción: La evaluación de escalas de medición es un proceso continuo que exige revisiones y adaptaciones según las características de los participantes. La Escala para Homofobia de siete ítems (EHF-7) ha mostrado aceptable desempeño general en estudiantes de Medicina de dos universidades en Colombia. No obstante, el desempeño de algunos ítems fue deficiente y se podría eliminar algunos con el mejoramiento en el comportamiento de los ítems conservados. Objetivo: Revisar el funcionamiento psicométrico y afinar el contenido de EHF-7 en estudiantes de Medicina de dos universidades colombianas. Métodos: Participaron 667 estudiantes de 18-34 (media, 20,9 ± 2,7) anos, de los que el 60,6% eran mujeres. Se calcularon el alfa de Cronbach (α) y el omega de McDonald (Ω) como indi cadores de confiabilidad, y para afinar la escala, se llevaron a cabo análisis de factores exploratorios (AFE) y confirmatorios (AFC). Resultados: EHF-7 mostró α = 0,793 y Ω = ,796, además de un factor principal que explicó el 45,2% de la varianza total. Los AFE y AFC indican eliminar tres ítems. La versión de cuatro ítems (EHF-4) alcanzó α = 0,770 y Ω = 0,775, con un único factor que dio cuenta del 59,7% de la varianza total, con AFC que mostró mejores indicadores (x2 = 3,622; gl = 1; p = 0,057; RMSEA = 0,063; IC90%, 0,000-0,130; CFI = 0,998; TLI = 0,991). Conclusiones: EHF-4 presenta alta consistencia interna y una dimensión que explica más del 50% de la varianza total. Es preciso realizar investigaciones que confirmen estas observa ciones aún preliminares.

[A Brief Homophobia Scale in Medical Students From Two Universities: Results of A Refinement Process]. / Escala breve para homofobia en estudiantes de Medicina de dos universidades colombianas: resultados de un proceso de refinamiento.

BACKGROUND: The process of evaluating measurement scales is an ongoing procedure that requires revisions and adaptations according to the characteristics of the participants. The Homophobia Scale of seven items (EHF-7) has showed acceptable performance in medical students attending to two universities in Colombia. However, performance of some items was poor and could be removed, with an improvement in the psychometric findings of items retained. OBJECTIVE: To review the psychometric functioning and refine the content of EHF-7 among medical students from two Colombian universities. METHODS: A group of 667 students from the first to tenth semester participated in the research. Theirs ages were between 18 and 34 (mean, 20.9±2.7) years-old, and 60.6% were females. Cronbach alpha (α) and omega of McDonald (Ω) were calculated as indicators of reliability and to refine the scale, an exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed. RESULTS: EHF-7 showed α=.793 and Ω=.796 and a main factor that explained 45.2% of the total variance. EFA and CFA suggested the suppression of three items. The four-item version (EHF-4) reached an α=.770 and Ω=.775, with a single factor that accounted for 59.7% of the total variance. CFA showed better indexes (χ2=3.622; df=1; P=.057; Root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA)=.063, 90% CI, .000-.130; Comparative Fit Indices (CFI)=.998; Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI)=.991). CONCLUSIONS: EHF-4 shows high internal consistency and a single dimension that explains more than 50% of the total variance. Further studies are needed to confirm these observations, that can be taken as preliminary.

Escala de discriminación en la vida cotidiana: consistencia y estructura interna en estudiantes de medicina / Everyday discrimination scale: internal consistency and structure in medical students

La discriminación se presenta en todos los contextos en cualquier etapa de la vida. El objetivo del presente estudio fue explorar la consistencia y estructura interna de la Escala de Discriminación en la Vida Cotidiana (EDVC) en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Se realizó un estudio metodológico en el que participaron 346 estudiantes, en edades entre 18 y 30 años, media para la edad de 20,2 años (DE=1,9); el 59,2 porciento, mujeres; y 58,4 porciento, mestizos. Se calculó alfa de Cronbach y omega de McDonald y se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio con los diez incisos de la EDVC.El alfa de Cronbach fue 0,83 y la omega de McDonald, 084. La estructura interna mostró un único factor que explicó el 41,7 porciento de la varianza total. Se concluye que la EDVC presenta alta consistencia interna y una sola dimensión en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad de Bucaramanga, Colombia.Se necesitan nuevas investigaciones para conocer la consistencia y estructura interna en otras poblaciones.

The objective of the study was to explore the internal consistency and structureof the EDS among medical students of a university in Bucaramanga, Colombia.A validation study in which participated 346 students, aged between 18 and 30years-old, mean age was 20.2 years (SD=1.9); 59.2% were women; and 58.4%,mestizo. Cronbach alpha and McDonald omega were computed; exploratoryfactor analysis for the ten items of EDS was performed. Cronbach alpha was0.83 and McDonald omega, 0.84. Internal structure showed a single factorthat explained 41.7% of the total variance. As conclusions, EDS has highinternal consistency and one dimension in medical students at a universityin Bucaramanga, Colombia. Further research is needed to know the internalstructure and consistency in other populations.

Escala de experiencias de discriminación: Consistencia y estructura interna en estudiantes de medicina / Experiences of Discrimination Scale: Internal consistency and structure in medical students

El objetivo fue estimar la consistencia y estructura interna de la Escala de Experiencias de Discriminación (EED) en estudiantes de medicina de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Se realizó un estudio de validación con 361 estudiantes, entre 18 y 30 años, y 59,7%, mujeres. La EED agrupa dos escalas distintas, discriminación general (EED-G) y preocupación por discriminación (EED-P). Se determinó alfa de Cronbach, omega de McDonald y estructura interna (análisis factorial exploratorio). La EED-G mostró alfa de Cronbach de 0,88 y omega de McDonald de 0,89; y la EED-P, 0,80 para ambos coeficientes. La EED-G presentó un factor que explicó 52,9% de la varianza; y EED-P, una dimensión fue responsable del 62,5% de la varianza. Se concluye que la EED presenta buen desempeño psicométrico, EED-G y EED-P son dos escalas unidimensionales con alta consistencia interna.

The objective was to estimate the internal consistency and structure of the Experiences of Discrimination Scale (EDS) in medical students from Bucaramanga, Colombia. A validation study was conducted. A total of 361 student participated, aged between 18 to 30, and 59.7% were women. The EED includes two separated scales, overall discrimination (O-EDS) and concerns about discrimination (W-EDS). Cronbach alpha, McDonald omega and internal structure (exploratory factor analysis) were determined. The O-EDS showed Cronbach alpha of 0.88 and McDonald omega, 0.89; and W-EDS, showed 0.80 for both coefficients. The O-EDS consists in a factor that explained 52.9% of the variance; and W-EDS one dimension was responsible of 62.5% of the variance. It is concluded that EDS shows an appropriate psychometric performance, both W-EDS and O-EDS are one-dimensional scales with high internal consistency.

Estigma: barrera de acceso a servicios en salud mental / Stigma: Barrier to Access to Mental Health Services

Introducción: El estigma percibido supone una barrera sociocultural para el acceso a servicios de salud mental y priva a las personas que reúnen criterios de trastorno mental de la posibilidad de disfrutar de atención integral e integrada. Objetivo: Actualizar los mecanismos institucionales por los cuales el estigma, percibido y perpetrado, relacionado con los trastornos mentales se configura como una barrera de acceso a la salud mental. Resultados: El estigma como barrera para el acceso a servicios de salud mental se materializa con la reducción de solicitud de atención, la escasa asignación de recursos a salud mental, el proceso sistemático de pauperización de las personas que los padecen, el incremento del riesgo de implicaciones en delitos y el contacto con el sistema legal y en invisibilización de la vulnerabilidad de estas personas. Conclusiones: Se necesita un proceso estructurado de sensibilización y educación de los distintos colectivos para promover el conocimiento sobre los trastornos mentales, favorecer la rehabilitación psicosocial en comunidad y la inclusión social y laboral. En Colombia, es necesario estudiar la frecuencia y las variables asociadas al estigma relacionado con trastornos mentales. Este conocimiento permitirá la implementación de acciones para favorecer la inclusión social de las personas que reúnen los criterios de trastorno mental.

Background: The perceived stigma represents a sociocultural barrier to access mental health services and prevents individuals who meet criteria for a mental disorder the possibility of receiving comprehensive and integred care. Objective: To update institutionalmechanisms bywhich stigma related to mental disorders, perceived and perpetrated, acts as a barrier to mental health access. Results: Stigmaas abarriertoaccesstomentalhealthservicesisduetoa reduction inservice requests, the allocation of limited resources to mental health, the systematic process of impoverishment of the people who suffer a mental disorder, increased risk of crime, and implications in contact with the legal system, and the invisibility of the vulnerability of these people. Conclusions: Structured awareness and education programs are needed to promote awareness about mental disorders, promote community-based psychosocial rehabilitation, and reintegration into productive life process. In Colombia, the frequency and variables associated with the stigma of mental disorders needs to be studied. This knowledge will enable the implementation of measures to promote the social and labor inclusion of people who meet the criteria for mental disorders.

Escala de Estrés Percibido-10: Desempeño psicométrico en estudiantes de medicina de Bucaramanga, Colombia / The psychometric performance of the Perceived Stress Scale-10 on medical students from Bucaramanga, Colombia

Antecedentes. La escala de estrés percibido (EEP-10) es la más conocida en la cuantificación de estrés emocional en investigaciones clínicas y epidemiológicas. Sin embargo, se conoce poco sobre su desempeño psicométrico en el contexto colombiano. Objetivo. Estudiar el desempeño psicométrico, consistencia interna y dimensionalidad, de EEP-10 en estudiantes de medicina de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Participaron 366 estudiantes con edades entre 18 y 30 años (M=20,0; DE=1,9); el 58,5% de los participantes de sexo femenino. Se calcularon alfa de Cronbach, omega de McDonald, coeficiente de Mosier y análisis factorial exploratorio. Resultados. EEP-10 mostró alfa de Cronbach de 0,65, omega de McDonald 0,68 y coeficiente de Mosier 0,68. Se observaron dos dimensiones: 'distrés general', que explicó 35,3% de la varianza, y 'capacidad de afrontamiento', responsable de 23,9% de la varianza, con baja correlación entre ellas (r=-0,224); alfa y omega fue 0,82 para la dimensión 'distrés general' y alfa y omega de 0,83 para 'capacidad de afrontamiento'. Conclusiones. EEP-10 baja consistencia interna y dos dimensiones que se comportan como escalas independientes con alta consistencia interna. Se necesita conocer el desempeño psicométrico de este instrumento de medición en salud en estudiantes universitarios colombianos de otras carreras.

Background. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is the best known instrument for quantifying emotional stress in clinical and epidemiological research; however, there is little information about PSS-10 (i.e. 10 item) psychometric performance in Colombia. Objective. Studying PSS-10's psychometric performance, internal consistency and dimensionality by using it with medical students from Bucaramanga, Colombia. Materials and methods. 366 medical students aged 18 to 30 years old (M=20.0; SD=1.9) participated in the research; 58.5% of the sample was female. The authors computed Cronbach's alpha, McDonald's omega, Mosier coefficient and made an exploratory factor analysis. Results. The PSS-10 had a 0.65 Cronbach alpha, 0.68 McDonald omega and 0.68 Mosier coefficient. Two dimensions were observed; general distress explained 35.3% variance and coping ability 23.9% variance, having low correlation (r=-0.224); general distress had a 0.82 alpha and omega and coping ability 0.83. Conclusions. The PSS-10 had low internal consistency and two dimensions which performed as independent scales having high internal consistency. This psychometric healthcare instrument's performance should be ascertained when measuring stress in Colombian university students studying other subjects.

Escala para Homofobia validez y confiabilidad en estudiantes de medicina de una Univesidad de Bogotá ( Colombia) / Homophobia Scale: Validity and reliability in medical students of a university from Bogota (Colombia), 2010

Objetivo: Determinar la validez y confiabilidad de la escala para homofobia (EHF) en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad de Bogotá, Colombia, 2010. Método: Se realizó un estudio de validación con la participación de 124 estudiantes de sexto a décimo semestre, en edades entre 19 y 34 años de edad, media de 23,7 años (DE=2,7); y 66,1%, mujeres y 33,9% hombres. Resultados: Se estimó alfa de Cronbach y omega de McDonald como medidas de confiabilidad y análisis factorial exploratorio para conocer la estructura interna de la escala. El alfa de Cronbach fue 0,81 y la omega deMcDonald, 0,82. La estructura interna dio cuenta de un único factor responsable del 49,2% de la varianza. Conclusión: La EHF muestra buena consistencia interna y un factor en estudiantes de medicina de sexto a décimo semestre de una universidad de Bogotá, Colombia. La escala mide con aceptable validez y confiabilidad el prejuicio hacia personas homosexuales en estudiantes de medicina. Este desempeño permite el uso en nuevas investigaciones...

Objective:To determine the validity and reliability of the Homophobia Scale (HS) inmedical students of a university in Bogotá, Colombia, 2010.Method:A validation stu-dy was conducted with the participation of 124 students from sixth to tenth semester,aged between 19 and 34 years old, average 23.7 years (SD=2.7); and 66.1% womenand 33.9% men.Results:It was estimated Cronbach alpha and McDonald omegaas measures of reliability; and exploratory factor analysis to determine the internalstructure of the scale. Cronbach alpha was 0.81; and McDonald omega, 0.82. Theinternal structure showed a single factor responsible for 49.2% of the total variance.Conclusion:HS shows good internal consistency and a single factor in medical stu-dents from sixth to tenth semester at a university in Bogotá, Colombia. HS measureswith acceptable validity and reliability the prejudice toward homosexuals in medicalstudents. This performance allows use in further research.

Estigma y discriminación a profesional de la salud transgénero / Stigma and discrimination against transgender health professional

Antecedentes. Es frecuente el estigma, el prejuicio y la discriminación de las minorías sexuales Lesbianas, Gays, Bisexuales, Transexuales e Intersexuales en todos los contextos. No se cuenta con investigaciones que muestren la actitud hacia profesional de enfermería transgénero. Objetivo. Explorar la actitud hacia persona transgénero que realiza atención de enfermería en un grupo de foristas de un periódico de circulación nacional en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se diseñó un estudio cualitativo, desde la perspectiva de teoría fundamentada, con los comentarios que foristas registraron en la página en internet del periódico respecto a una crónica sobre el ejercicio en enfermería de un profesional transgénero. Resultados. El mayor número de comentarios fueron negativos. Los foristas consideraron que los profesionales de la salud LGBTI representaban un peligro para la sociedad. Emergieron cuatro categorías: portadores y transmisores de enfermedades (en particular infecciones de transmisión sexual), abusadores sexuales, falta de profesionalismo y práctica clínica deficiente. Conclusiones. Los foristas muestran una actitud negativa hacia enfermera transgénero. Se infiere que el estigma, el prejuicio y la discriminación se extienden a los profesionales de salud. Se necesita explorar este tópico con otros diseños de investigación.

Background. It is common stigma, prejudice and discrimination against sexual minorities (LGBTI) in all contexts. No research has shown the attitude towards a transgender nurse. Objective. To explore attitudes towards transgender person performing nursing care in a group of on line reader of a nationwide newspaper in Colombia. Materials and methods. It was carried out a qualitative study from the perspective of grounded theory, with comments recorded from Internet page of the newspaper over a story about the exercise of a transgender nurse. Results. The most comments were negative. The forum participants felt that LGBTI health professionals represented a danger to society. Four categories emerged: they are carriers and transmitters of diseases (including sexually transmitted infections), sexual predators, lack of professionalism and performance poor clinical practice. Conclusions. Newspaper readers show a negative attitude towards a transgender nurse. It is inferred that stigma, prejudice and discrimination against LGBTI persons extend to health professionals. They need to explore this topic with other research designs.

[Prevalence of Mental Symptoms, Possible Cases and Disorders in Victims Displaced by the Internal Armed Conflict in Colombia: A Systematic Review]. / Prevalencia de síntomas, posibles casos y trastornos mentales en víctimas del conflicto armado interno en situación de desplazamiento en Colombia: una revisión sistemática.

BACKGROUND: In Colombia, the internal armed conflict is a public health problem that generates various forms of violence (forced disappearances, forced displacement, massacres, torture and sexual violence). Violence is a major psychosocial stressor that impairs the mental health of the Colombian population. However, there are no real estimates on the prevalence of mental symptoms, possible cases and disorders in victims of violence in displacement situations. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of mental symptoms, possible cases and disorders due to the forced displacement of victims of the armed conflict in Colombia during the past two decades (1994-2013). METHOD: A systematic review was carried out on all available studies published over the last twenty years. The keywords used were "armed conflict", "mental disorders", "mental health", "prevalence" and "Colombia". Authors observed the frequency of symptoms, possible cases, and mental disorders. RESULTS: Thirteen studies involving adults were included. The prevalence of symptoms was observed as between 9.9% and 63%; possible cases, between 21% and 97.3%; and mental disorders, between 1.5% and 32.9%. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of symptoms, possible cases and mental disorders is high in this Colombian population. This finding should be interpreted with caution due to the high heterogeneity and low quality of the studies. More research is needed.

[Stigma: Barrier to Access to Mental Health Services]. / Estigma: barrera de acceso a servicios en salud mental.

BACKGROUND: The perceived stigma represents a sociocultural barrier to access mental health services and prevents individuals who meet criteria for a mental disorder the possibility of receiving comprehensive and integred care. OBJECTIVE: To update institutional mechanisms by which stigma related to mental disorders, perceived and perpetrated, acts as a barrier to mental health access. RESULTS: Stigma as a barrier to access to mental health services is due to a reduction in service requests, the allocation of limited resources to mental health, the systematic process of impoverishment of the people who suffer a mental disorder, increased risk of crime, and implications in contact with the legal system, and the invisibility of the vulnerability of these people. CONCLUSIONS: Structured awareness and education programs are needed to promote awareness about mental disorders, promote community-based psychosocial rehabilitation, and reintegration into productive life process. In Colombia, the frequency and variables associated with the stigma of mental disorders needs to be studied. This knowledge will enable the implementation of measures to promote the social and labor inclusion of people who meet the criteria for mental disorders.

Sustantivos para definir homofobia / Nouns to Define Homophobia / Substantivos para definir homofobia

Introducción. El término 'homofobia' es un concepto que se introdujo en el contexto académico hace más de 40 años. Sin embargo, la acepción ha tenido reparos y cambios en el tiempo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue revisar los sustantivos usados en los últimos doce años para definir homofobia. Metodología. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en Medline a través de Pubmed de publicaciones tipo editorial, cartas al editor, comentarios y entrevista en español o inglés. Se realizó un análisis cualitativo (teoría fundamentada) de los sustantivos que se emplearon para la definición de homofobia desde el año 2001 a 2012. Resultados. Se incluyeron tres artículos que usaron diez sustantivos para definir homofobia, el más común fue temor o miedo (fear). Los términos se agruparon en dos dominios: actitud negativa e incomodidad ante la homosexualidad. Conclusiones. Miedo o temor (fear) es la palabra que más se utiliza en la descripción del término homofobia; los términos se agrupan en dos dominios: actitud negativa e incomodidad ante la homosexualidad.

Background. The term 'homophobia' was introduced in the academic context more than 40 years ago. However, its meaning has changed over time. Objective. To review the nouns used in the last twelve years to define homophobia. Methodology. The authors conducted a systematic search in Medline through Pubmed that included editorials, letters to editors, comments and narrative reviews, in English and Spanish. A qualitative analysis (Grounded theory) was applied to analyze nouns used to define homophobia since 2001 through 2012. Results. Authors reviewed three papers including ten nouns to define homophobia, the most common noun was fear. The terms were grouped into two domains: negative attitude and discomfort with homosexuality. Conclusion. Fear is the most used word to describe homophobia. The terms were grouped into two domains: negative attitude and discomfort toward homosexuality.

Introdução. O termo "homofobia" é um conceito que se introduziu no contexto acadêmico mais de 40 anos atrás. No entanto, a aceitação tem tido reparos e mudanças no tempo. Objetivo: revisar os substantivos usados nos últimos doze anos para deinir homofobia. Metodología. Realizouse uma busca sistemática em Medline através de Pubmed de publicações tipo editorial, cartas ao editor, comentários e entrevista em espanhol ou inglês. Realizou-se uma análise qualitativa (teoria fundamentada) dos substantivos que se empregaram para a deinição de homofobia desde o ano 2001 ao ano 2012. Resultados. Incluíram-se três artigos que usaram dez substantivos para deinir homofobia, o mais comum foi temor ou medo (fear). Os termos se agruparam em dois domínios: atitude negativa e desconforto ante a homossexualidade. Conclusões. Medo ou temor (fear) é a palavra mais utilizada na descrição do termo homofobia; os termos agrupam-se em dois domínios: atitude negativa e desconforto ante a homossexualidade.

Análisis de factores: fundamentos para la evaluación de instrumentos de medición en salud mental / Factor Analysis: principles to evaluate measurement tools for mental health

La validación de un instrumento de medición en salud mental es un proceso complejo que habitualmente se inicia con la estimación de la confiabilidad, para posteriormente hacer la aproximación a la validez. El análisis de factores es una forma de conocer el número de dimensiones, dominios o factores de un instrumento de medición, y, por lo general, se relaciona con la validez del constructo de una escala. El análisis puede ser exploratorio o Confirmatorio, y ayuda a seleccionar los ítems con mejor desempeño. Para un aceptable análisis de factores es necesario seguir algunos pasos y recomendaciones, hacer pruebas estadísticas y contar con una muestra adecuada de participantes…

The validation of a measurement tool in mental health is a complex process that usually starts by estimating reliability, to later approach its validity. Factor analysis is a way to know the number of dimensions, domains or factors of a measuring tool, generally related to the construct validity of the scale. The analysis could be exploratory or confirmatory, and helps in the selection of the items with better performance. For an acceptable factor analysis, it is necessary to follow some steps and recommendations, conduct some statistical tests, and rely on a proper sample of participants…

[Factor Analysis: Principles to Evaluate Measurement Tools for Mental Health]. / Análisis de factores: fundamentos para la evaluación de instrumentos de medición en salud mental.

The validation of a measurement tool in mental health is a complex process that usually starts by estimating reliability, to later approach its validity. Factor analysis is a way to know the number of dimensions, domains or factors of a measuring tool, generally related to the construct validity of the scale. The analysis could be exploratory or confirmatory, and helps in the selection of the items with better performance. For an acceptable factor analysis, it is necessary to follow some steps and recommendations, conduct some statistical tests, and rely on a proper sample of participants.

Internal consistency of a five-item form of the Francis Scale of Attitude Toward Christianity among adolescent students.

The short form of the Francis Scale of Attitude Toward Christianity (L. J. Francis, 1992) is a 7-item Likert-type scale that shows high homogeneity among adolescents. The psychometric performance of a shorter version of this scale has not been explored. The authors aimed to determine the internal consistency of a 5-item form of the Francis Scale of Attitude Toward Christianity among 405 students from a school in Cartagena, Colombia. The authors computed the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the 5 items with a greater corrected item-total punctuation correlation. The version without Items 2 and 7 showed internal consistency of .87. The 5-item version of the Francis Scale of Attitude Toward Christianity exhibited higher internal consistency than did the 7-item version. Future researchers should corroborate this finding.

Consistencia interna de la escala Pediatric Symptom Checklist en niños y adolescentes desplazados por un desastre invernal en Girón, Colombia / Internal consistency of Pediatric Symptom Checklist among displaced children and adolescents by a winter disaster at Girón, Colombia

Contexto. Es importante la presencia de problemas psicosociales en niños y adolescentes expuestos a eventos traumáticos, entre ellos, los desastres naturales. Por lo tanto, es importante conocer el comportamiento psicométrico de instrumentos de tamización, como la lista de verificación de síntomas pediátricos (Pediatric Symptom Checklist). Sin embargo, no se conoce la consistencia interna de la misma en niños y adolescentes colombianos víctimas de un desastre natural. Objetivo. Calcular la consistencia interna de las cuatro subescalas de la Pediatric Symptom Checklist en niños y adolescentes desplazados por el desastre invernal en Girón, Colombia. Método. Un grupo de 101 madres de niños y adolescentes entre 6 y 16 años completaron la Pediatric Symptom Checklist, considerando la presencia de síntomas durante los seis últimos meses. Para conocer la consistencia interna de las subescalas se calculó el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados. La consistencia interna para la subescala para síntomas de trastorno por déficit de atención y hiperactividad fue de 0,62; para la de síntomas de trastornos depresivos, 0,65; para la de síntomas de trastornos de la conducta, 0,50; y para la de síntomas de trastornos de ansiedad, 0,43. Conclusiones. La consistencia interna de las cuatro subescalas de la Pediatric Symptom Checklist es baja en niños y adolescentes víctimas de un desastre invernal. Es necesario explorar el comportamiento psicométrico de otros instrumentos para detectar trastornos mentales comunes en niños y adolescentes víctimas de desastres...

Fisiopatología y tratamiento del síndrome de abstinencia de alcohol / Physiopathology and Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms

La dependencia del alcohol afecta aproximadamente a 10% de la población mundial en algún momento de sus vidas. El síndrome de abstinencia de alcohol afecta a las personas con consumo crónico de alcohol que lo disminuyen o lo suspenden completamente. Los síntomas de abstinencia son hiperactividad autonómica, temblor distal de las manos, insomnio, náuseas o vómitos, alucinaciones visuales, táctiles o auditivas transitorias o ilusiones, agitación psicomotora, ansiedad y crisis convulsivas. Los principales fármacos usados en su manejo son las benzodiacepinas y los anticonvulsivos. Otros medicamentos utilizados como coadyuvantes son los betabloqueadores, entre otros. Este artículo pretende revisar los conceptos actuales sobre fisiopatología y manejo del síndrome.

Internal consistency of a Spanish translation of the Francis Scale of Attitude Toward Christianity Short Form.

This study evaluated the internal consistency of a Spanish version of the short form of the Francis Scale of Attitude Toward Christianity based on responses of 405 Colombian adolescent students ages 13 to 17 years. This translated short-form version of the scale had an internal consistency of .80. This estimate indicates suitable internal consistency reliability for research use in this population.